MADAM OF FLORENCE: MARIE DE VALOIS. EAN 9788872971338

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MADAM OF FLORENCE: MARIE DE VALOIS. EAN 9788872971338

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9788872970133
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887297013X
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96
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Cuttrera
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A NEAPOLITAN LORDSHIP IN 14TH-CENTURY FLORENCE

In the Italian middle ages an exceptional female figure left an important mark on history: Marie de Valois, daughter of King Charles of France. Her life offers us a fascinating portrait of that transitional era that would later lead to the explosion of the Renaissance.

This book tells us about her life, how the French princess moved to Naples and then later found herself in the heart of Tuscany. In these pages, we explore her youth at court, her marriage to the Duke of Calabria Charles of Anjou in 1324, and her stay in Florence.

In the Tuscan town, Marie found herself attending the marvelous celebrations for the feast of San Giovanni in June. The Florentines gathered to celebrate fervently this occasion, considering this saint ‘a symbol of political correctness and moral rectitude’.

The streets of the city turned into a stage for sumptuous festivities with papier-mâché candles on processional floats, creating a magical and enchanting atmosphere, with art and culture dancing together in a symphony of splendor and magnificence. Marie immersed herself in this new culture, embracing the beauty of Florentine life.

Pierpaolo Tavino

Marie de Valois left for Florence in 1326, following her husband Charles of Calabria, with the physician Capograsso di Salerno and with Cecco d’Ascoli as her necromancer. She was the wife of the Viceroy of Naples, made Lord of the city of Dante, already divided between White Guelphs and Black Guelphs.
In this book, Marie and Charles are not the ones mistreated in Villani’s «Cronica», but noble gentlemen who restore the festivals and redesign the Lordship, enlarging the five circles to 90,000 Florentines, 110 churches and a thousand schoolchildren. Here the loggias with lanterns sprang up, transforming the palaces into private courtyards, where the vice and play of the courtiers, between chess and buzzeca, and that of the women in bloom, with their white and yellow braids, took over from military defence.
Therefore, while the dukes feast at the palace, with a choreographed lunch and papier-mâché scenes, the battle led by Castruccio in the name of the neighborhood and the imperialists is set in motion. Maria and Carlo are recognized as paladins and bearers of peace, having ended up almost by chance in the Congiura di Lucca; they are the symbol of the nobility of the 14th century, of a «First Renaissance» in short, the one that the city of Florence was about to experience, but that already spoke Neapolitan everywhere. In June’s epistolary, migrants from the south appear, the Captain del Balzo grappling with the plebeian vice of gambling, the taxes of San Lorenzo, the Statute for Castelfiorentino, the salt of the Castle of Signa, the priors of the arts. There is the whole countryside in the account books of the Lordship: Contrada Spoleto, given to the merchants; Prato, which ended up under the tax collectors; Fichino, grappling with the official gabelliere. However, there is also the love of women, those who shed their medieval oldness and flaunt their hair in the wind, silk blouses and colored ribbons on their foreheads.
And so the «Fiera delle bestie», the main attraction for the Florentines, whites and blacks, marranos and daffodils, is transformed into the merchants’ salon, of gold and silk, where the powers of the people, the same ones who gather in the evenings under the lamps of the Loggias, almost flood in. Marie is a living part of that revolutionary parade of robes, worn by vain males and ladies in the flesh, the two love brigades, one yellow and one white, who parade eight days of beauty on colorful floats. The ribbons fly, entwined by the fingers of the ladies and the Duchess, and amaze the «sky machine», as it crosses the square, moved by the gears that animate evil angels and good spirits.
In the background there is the story of the «Festa di San Giovanni» to which the cattle market gave way for the trade in valuables, every June 23rd of the year, followed by the afternoon solemnities, in which the 16 gonfalons of the contrade parade in rows. It seems to see them, those nobles, on the «ringhiera» of the lords, as the wax and papier-mâché wagons in honor of San Giovanni flow by and feed the love of madonna Marie, the mistress of Florence, and the little girls who chase each other in procession like beautiful statuettes, in the star-decorated Piazza della Signoria. It is here that the paliotti of the federated Lands parade, and then the bourgeois, those with their embroidered robes lined with ermine that only in Florence shine among the blue tents.
These are the chronicles of the happiest days of Marie de Valois, the newly wedded wife of Sir Charles. A beautiful and sweet mother who lost two male heirs, but kept a smile for the wild Florentines and the Court of Naples, even though her queens, Margaret, Giovanna and Mary of Anjou, were overwhelmed by the saints of Philippa the Catanese and the little brothers of Queen Sancia.
Arturo Bascetta

Dettagli

EAN

9788872970133
ISBN

887297013X
Pagine

96
Autore

Cuttrera
Foto Autore

Cuttrera

Prof. Dott. Sabato Cuttrera

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THE DAUGHTER OF CHARLES OF
VALOIS MARRIES THE HEIR OF NAPLES

 

Index
Recapitulation
A Neapolitan lordship in 14th-century Florence

Chapter one
THE DAUGHTER OF CHARLES OF
VALOIS MARRIES THE HEIR OF NAPLES

— Born of the noble blood of the Valois and Saint-Pol
— A little princess at the court of Naples
— The wedding lunch: chickens and lambs
— Losing Ludovica, a study room is created
— The daughters: Margaret, Joan and Mary
— The foundation of St.Martin before leaving
— The inspection in December 1326

Chapter two
THE LONG HONEYMOON JOURNEY
IN THE STATES OF THE REALM

— The 8-day lunch and the challenge of the Pisan knight
— Departure for Florence with doctor and necromancer
— Ruggiero Capograsso of Salerno Court Doctor

Chapter three
GHIBELLINES VERSUS GUELPHS:
CLASH WITH THE LORDSHIP OF LUCCA

— The guerrilla war with Castruccio fomented by the Pope
— Catalans, Bavaro and Lucca allied against Naples
— Charles with his father in Sicily, later Lord of Siena
— Florence divided between White and Black Guelphs
— Villani’s «Cronica» mocks the Duke

Chapter four

THE DUCHESS AT THE BARGELLO PALACE
ALL SQUARE FESTIVALS RESTORED

— The duke chooses a palace for his wife
— The City of five circles
— 90,000 citizens, 110 churches and 1,000 students
— Loggias with lights: from palaces to private courts
— Social games of the courtiers: Chess and Buzzeca
— Celebrating women in yellow and white braids
— The choreographic lunch with papier-mâché scenes
— The battle against Lucca runs aground for the imperials
— The Bavaro King of Italy against Avignon and Naples
— The Dukes lose the heir, but the rides explode
— A Lord of peace in the Conjuring of Lucca

Chapter five

THE JUNE EPISTOLARY:
FLORENTINES IN THE REGESTI OF NAPLES

— Masters and artists in the Duchess’ account books
— Captain del Balzo and the plebeian vice of games
— Taxes in S. Lorenzo, punishments in Empoli
— Tax-free S. Casciano, archpriest at Colle di Giotto
— Debts in Poggibonsi, Statutes in Castelfiorentino
— The Florentines pardoned, salt at Signa Castle
— The priors of arts, the fortresses of Latere and Galglani
— Contrada Spoleto’s rebellion against the merchants
— The tax collectors for Prato and Fichino’s officer
— Castellans, judges and Catalan armigers walk around
— Facts of House Rossi, Capraria and Porta S.Pietro

Chapter six

FROM THE BEAST FAIR
TO THE GOLD AND SILK MERCHANTS

— The announcement for the feast of S.Giovanni
— The Potenze and two love brigades: yellow and white
— Sky «machine» and «Spirits» for eight days
— From cattle fair to silk market
— Gold and silver at the fair: the eve of June 23
— Afternoon revelry with 16 festive gonfalons
— Nobles on show at the balcony of the struscio
— Papier-mâché candles on procession floats
— Piazza dei Signori decorated for the festival
— The use of taxed paliotti in Pisa and the federates
— The «Ringhiera»: the privè of the bourgeoisie
— Embroidered robes lined with ermine

Chapter seven

THE FAREWELL TO FLORENCE FOR NAPLES
AND THE LAST JOURNEY FROM BARI

— The city celebrates, but the Duchess is grieving
— War with Lucca disturbs the Renaissance
— The return to Naples and the loss of her husband
— Last trip to Bari and farewell by the Pope
— The will of the Lady of lands and castles
— The burial of the Duchess de Valois-d’Anjou

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

  1. Giuseppe Coniglio, ANGIÒ, Carlo d', detto l'Illustre, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 3, 1961. Cfr. Sitography: https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/angio-carlo-d-detto-l-illustre_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29. Cfr. Minieri-Riccio, cit., Reg.1324 A. n. 253 fol. 106. «Petro de Montella Regie Thesaurarie Notario provisio pro solutione unc. 20 convertendarum in certis servitiis et operibus que fieri providimus pro sollemnitate festi sponsaliorum inter nos et Ducissam futuram Consortem nostram celebrandorum in proximo, Domino concedente sub die 28. Aprelis 7. Indict. an. 1324». See various other expenditure records of the period: «Mandatum pro preparatione trium galearum, et aliorum lignorum pro nostro accessu ad Civitatem Gaiete obviam euntes Domino patri nostro, de Provincie partibus illuc redeunti, et Galee sunt videlicet illa per nos donata spectabili Domino Philippo Tarentino Principi patruo nostro Carissimo remorum 120 alia Nicotai Cosse de Iscla remorum 100 et reliqua Nicolai de Turre remorum 96. nec non sagitta una Ligorii de Turre remorum 90 Saetia alia Nicolai Pappacude remorum 26. et Barca seu Parescallum Curie». Ibidem, fol. 191. Cfr. Wikipedia. Eloisa (1325–1325) e Maria (1326 – 1328) died as infants.
  2. Regesti Angioini, Reg. 1310 H, f. 197. Nel Reg. 1318 B. f. 4 Rat. Thesaur. « The names of family members are noted, among them Martino de Morra deputato ad ferendum flappas sambucorum domine Ducisse, when equitatur».
  3. Archivio storico per le province napoletane, Volume 12, Società di Storia Patria, Giannini printing works, Naples 1887; Reg. 1309 C. n. 187 f. 160; Reg. 1324 C. n. 255 f. 181. The Duke of Calabria had ordered the payment of 20 ounces to be spent in certis servitiis et operibus que fieri providimus pro solennitate festi sponsaliorum. Orazio Camera, c. 304, cites Reg.1330 B. f. 84, now lost. In Repertorio del Sicola, which is kept in Archive f. 882, it is noted that it was assigned in dodarium unciarum duarum millum ad aurum per annum». Ivi. Reg. 1310 H. f. 242; ivi f. 183 t: Ivi. Reg. 1310 H. f. 210. 211.
  4. Mastrulli, Montevergine sagroHowever, it was in the city of Benevento that the new Rectorate was to be established in 1338: it was the new Metropolitan Urbe, seat of the Beneventana province, on which smaller cities such as Ariano would depend.

Benevento was to be considered a Cardinal's Diaconia known as St. Mark's, dependent on the cardinal who did not sit in Rome but in Aqueiro, to which the Bishop of Civitate Ariano belonged, who, according to documents found in Avignon, had also integrated the former Dominio-badiale of Apice due to family vicissitudes.

The documents found at the papal seat in Avignon show that the abbot of M. Vergine and the bishop of Ariano depended on the Cardinal of Villa S. Marco di Beneventana, a papal province of the Marca Sabba di Ravenna, located in the Kingdom of Sicily Citra of Patriarch Gotio, who sat in command of S. Marco, in the Urbe opposite the Lighthouse of Partenope of the Kingdom of Sicily (1338) that the Aragonese were tearing from Robert.

  1. Cfr. date Wikipedia. V. A.Bascetta-S.Cuttrera, Sancia, Regine di Napoli, I-II, ABE Napoli 2019. Cfr. A.Bascetta-S.Cuttrera, Maria d’Ungheria, Regine di Napoli, ABE Napoli 2022.
  2. A.Bascetta-S.Cuttrera, Sancia, Regine di Napoli, I-II, ABE Napoli 2019. Cfr. A.Bascetta-S.Cuttrera, Margherita, Regine di Napoli, I-II, ABE Napoli 2022.
  3. A.Bascetta, Amanti e Bastardi di Re Roberto il Saggio, ABE Napoli, 2022. V. Loyse De Rosa, Cronache dei tempi miei, II-III parte, a cura di V.Iandiorio, ABE 2022. Cfr. G. De Blasiis, La dimora di Giovanni Boccaccio a Napoli, XVII (1892), pag. 99 et seq.. Cfr. A. Mele, Carlo duca di Calabria, in Samnium, XI, 1938.
  4. Minieri-Riccio, cit., Reg. 1326-1327 B. fol. 81. He adds: - «Erario Curie Vicarie Regni mandatum quod solvat dominis Berardo et loanni Caraczulo fratribus de Neapoli unc. 170 pro pretio valoris tenimenti eorum extimati in quo construi facimus monasterium nostrum S. Martini in montanea S. Erasmi prope Neapolim quod fuit dictorum fratrum. Landulfo Caraczulo dicto Cannella de Neapoli militi concessio domus site secus muros Civitatis Neapolis in loco qui Carbonarium dicitur edificate hactenus de mandato Domini Regis Caroli Secundi patris nostri ex eo specialiter ut per illam ad ludum qui fit in eodem Carbonario habilior redderetur aspectus sub conditione quod nunquam possit edificari supra domum ipsam, et in altum erigere, et quod nos et successores nostri quotiescumque voluerimus ad dictum ludum Carbonari accedere liberum et licitum possimus habere spectaculum ex eadem, et dicta domus hos habet fines, iuxta hortum Sari Caraczuli de Neapoli militis viam publicam et murum dicte Civitatis.
  5. Carlo Ciucciovino, La cronaca del Trecento italiano. From: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/141655618.pdf.
  6. Ivi.
  7. 11. Pietro Fanfani, Cecco d'Ascoli racconto storico del sec. 14, Carnesecchi, Florence 1870, pagg.1-245, excluded from Chapter 38º of «La seconda guerra» onwards. Cfr. R. Davidsohn, Storia di Firenze, Florence, Sansoni, 1973, vol. IV, pp. 1054 et seq. Cfr. Piero Gualtieri, 13 gennaio 1326: Carlo di Calabria accetta la nomina a signore di Firenze. From the online magazine: https://www.storiadifirenze.org/?p=1885.
  8. Giuseppe Castelli, La vita e le opere di Cecco d'Ascoli, Zanichelli, Bologna 1892. Report a passage by Prof. Giovanni Spalazzi describing the painting by Giulio Cantalamessa (Ascoli Piceno, 1 April 1846 - Rome, 12 September 1924). In: G.Spalazzi, Cecco d’Ascoli, Discorso, Tip. Cardi, Ascoli 1876.

13: Villani, cit.; Forti, in Fanfani, cit. Sul medico di Salerno v.: Minieri-Riccio, cit., Reg. 1332 C. fol. 176.

  1. Giuseppe Coniglio, ANGIÒ, Carlo d', detto l'Illustre, Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 3, 1961. Cfr. Sitography: https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/angio-carlo-d-detto-l-illustre_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29. Cfr. R. Bevere, La signoria di Firenze tenuta da Carlo figlio di re Roberto negli anni 1326 e 1327 [with appendix of documents], in Arch. Stor. per le Prov. Nap., XXXIII, anno 1908, pagg.439-68; 639-62; XXXIV anno 1909, pp. 3-18, 197-221, 403-431, 597-639; XXXV anno 1910, pagg. 3-46, 205-72, 425-58, 607-36; XXXVI anno 1911, pagg. 3-34, 254-85, 407-33;
  2. Giovanni Villani, Cronica, XI vol. Cfr. http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ITA1633/_POS.HTM. «Here begins Book XI, which tells of the coming to Florence of Charles, duke of Calavra, son of King Ruberto, whose coming was the cause that the elected king of the Romans came from the Magna to Italy», I; II; III. The act is transcribed in Minieri.Riccio, cit. Reg. 1334. 1335 A. n. 295 fol. 154 t.
  3. Ivi.
  4. Ammirati, cit. This is followed by transcriptions of the Registers made by Minieri-Riccio, cit. «Notario Borgo Baldini commissio officii Registratoris provisionum spectantium ad regimen Florentinorum, et in assertione legitur. Proviso nuper, et deliberatione consulta fore utile publico boni causa, quod littere sub titulo excellentie nostre facte a tempore nostri felicis accessus ad dictam Civitatem Florentie ac conficiende deinceps, tam super publicis negotiis, quam privatis florentinos cives suosque Comitativos et districtuales tangentibus registrari debeant semotim a Registris nostris aliis in certis libris seu quaternis in Camera dicti Communis ad perpetuam rei memoriam conservandis de tua fide sufficientia et legalitate tibi dictum registrandi officium etc. [Sub datum Florentie die 4. Ianuarii X Indict. 1327, fol. 127 t.; fol. 136 e t.; Ivi fol. 161, 166 t. 167 t. 174. «Vicariis nostris in Regno, mandatum quod revocant ad manus Curie domunculam, sive apothecam sitam prope Regium Castrum novum Civitatis Neapolis iuxta ospitium Curie nostre, quod fuit Ioannis de Tussiaco, via qua intratur dictum Castrum, et alios confines, devolutam per obitum absque liberis q.m magistri Liocti Corduanerii [Regesti, fol. 178 t.].
  5. 18. Pietro Fanfani, Cecco d'Ascoli racconto storico del sec. 14, Carnesecchi, Florence 1870, pagg.1-245, excluded from Chapter 38º of «La seconda guerra» onwards.
  6. Villani, cit. Cfr. Pietro Fanfani, Cecco d'Ascoli racconto storico del sec. 14, Typ.Carnesecchi, Florence 1870, pagg.1-245, excluded from Chapter 38º of «La seconda guerra» onwards. Cfr. Sacchetti, ivi.
  7. Villani, cit., cap.XI, par.XI. Cfr. Pietro Fanfani, Cecco d'Ascoli racconto storico del sec. 14, Typ.Carnesecchi, Florence 1870, pagg.1-245, excluded from Chapter 38º of «La seconda guerra» onwards.
  8. Cfr. Pietro Fanfani, Cit.
  9. Ivi
  10. Ivi
  11. Ivi
  12. Ivi. Cfr. Villani, Ibidem, c.14
  13. Pietro Fanfani, Cit.
  14. Ivi
  15. Ivi
  16. Ivi.
  17. Ivi
  18. Villani, cit. Cfr. Fanfani.
  19. Ivi
  20. Ivi
  21. Ivi.
  22. Ivi.
  23. Ivi
  24. R. Davidsohn, Storia di Firenze, Florence, Sansoni, 1973, vol. IV, pp. 1054 et seq. Cfr.Fanfani.
  25. Villani, Ibidem, cap.23.
  26. «They may be right, and they may be wrong», causing much discontent and only 80,000 florins in all from the estimo. Giovanni Villani can well convey his disappointment, because he was one of the officers initially in charge of the estimo and later replaced by foreign judges. From: Davidsohn, Firenze, vol. III, p. 1093-1097. Cfr. Giovanni Villani,Cronica², Lib. X, cap. 27; Stefani, Cronache, rubrica 431.
  27. Piero Gualtieri, 13 gennaio 1326: Carlo di Calabria accetta la nomina a signore di Firenze. From the online magazine: https://www.storiadifirenze.org/?p=1885.
  28. Ivi.
  29. Lino Chini, Storia antica e moderna del Mugello, Volume 4, Printworks Carnesecchi and sons, Florence 1876.
  30. R. Bevere, La signoria di Firenze tenuta da Carlo figlio di re Roberto negli anni 1326 e 1327, in: Archivio storico per le province napoletane, 33, Naples 1908.Archivio di Napoli, Reg. 266, f. 182.
  31. Ivi, f. 172.
  32. Placido Puccinelli, Vita di S. Barnaba Apostolo primo pastore di Milano, Printworks Malatesta, Milan 1649.
  33. R. Bevere, La signoria di Firenze tenuta da Carlo figlio di re Roberto negli anni 1326 e 1327, in: Archivio storico per le province napoletane, 33, Naples 1908.Archivio di Napoli, f. 176.
  34. Lino Chini, Storia antica e moderna del Mugello, Volume 4, Printworks Carnesecchi and sons, Florence 1876.

48.Guido Carocci, I dintorni di Firenze: nuova guida illustrazione storico-artistica, Typography Galletti, Florence 1881.

  1. R. Bevere, La signoria di Firenze tenuta da Carlo figlio di re Roberto negli anni 1326 e 1327, in: Archivio storico per le province napoletane, 33, Naples 1908. Archivio di Stato di Napoli, f. 185.
  2. Ivi. Archivio di Napoli, f. 179; f. 184.
  3. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 180.
  4. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 184.
  5. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 184.
  6. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 186.
  7. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f.187.
  8. Lino Chini, Storia antica e moderna del Mugello, Volume 4, Printworks Carnesecchi and sons, Florence 1876.
  9. 57. Ser Filippo Contruccini, Archivio Diplom. Fior.; Filippo Baldinucci, Vita di Giotto, note, Batelli, Florence 1844.
  10. Lino Chini, Storia antica e moderna del Mugello, Volume 4, Printworks Carnesecchi and sons, Florence 1876.
  11. Ser Filippo Contruccini, Archivio Diplom. Fior.; cfr. Filippo Baldinucci, Vita di Giotto, note, Batelli, Florence 1844.
  12. R. Bevere, La signoria di Firenze tenuta da Carlo figlio di re Roberto negli anni 1326 e 1327, in: Archivio storico per le province napoletane, 33, Naples 1908. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f.186.
  13. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 181.
  14. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 186.
  15. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 190.
  16. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 191.
  17. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 191.
  18. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 202.
  19. Ibidem, f. 187.
  20. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 181.
  21. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 189.
  22. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 198.
  23. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 188.
  24. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 190; ibidem, f. 189. Da: R. Bevere, La signoria di Firenze tenuta da Carlo figlio di re Roberto negli anni 1326 e 1327, in: Archivio storico per le province napoletane, 33, Naples 1908.
  25. 73. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 199.
  26. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 191.
  27. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 199.
  28. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 199.
  29. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 195.
  30. Ibidem.
  31. Ivi, f. 189.
  32. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 190.
  33. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 199).
  34. Ivi, f. 199.
  35. Ivi, f. 190.
  36. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 192.
  37. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 199.
  38. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 190.
  39. Archivio di Napoli, ivi, f. 191. Cfr: R. Bevere, La signoria di Firenze tenuta da Carlo figlio di re Roberto negli anni 1326 e 1327, in: Archivio storico per le province napoletane, 33, Naples 1908.
  40. Melchiorre di Coppo Stefani nella sua Iftoria manoscritta.
  41. Pietro Fanfani, Cecco d'Ascoli racconto storico del sec. 14, Typ.Carnesecchi, Florence 1870, pagg.1-245, excluded from Chapter 38º of «La seconda guerra» onwards.
  42. Ammirato, Stor. Lib. IX, a 464, in.
  43. Ivi.
  44. Villani, cit.

92.Villani, cit, Cfr. Melchiorro di Coppo Stefani - Goro Dati, Iftoria Manoscritta . da: Fanfani, cit. Cfr. Scipione Ammirato, Storia Lib. 3. a 163.

  1. Ivi; cfr. Buoninsegni.
  2. Ivi; cfr. Vasari.
  3. «It is said that the Nuvole, which went in Florence for the feast of S. Giovanni in procession, certainly a most ingenious and beautiful thing, were invented by Cecca, who at that time, when the city used to make many feasts, was very much at work in such things. And in truth, as today such festivals and representations are almost completely forgotten, they were very beautiful spectacles, and were made not only in the companies, or fraternities, but also in the private houses of the gentlemen, who used to make certain brigades and companies, and at certain times to be merrily together, and among them there were always many gallant craftsmen, who served besides being capricious and pleasant to make the apparatus of such festivals. However, among the others, four very solemn and public feasts were held almost every year, that is, one for each quarter, except for S. Giovanni, for the feast of which a very solemn proclamation was made, as will be said. S. Maria Novella, that of S. Ignazio; S. Croce, that of S. Bartolommeo, known as S. Baccio; S. Spirito, that of the Holy Spirit, and the Carmine that of the Ascension of the Lord, and that of the Assumption of Our Lady». From: «Giorgio Vafari in the Vita del Cecca par. 2. left us much news of the feasts that were held for S. Giovanni, explaining, what they were». On the Assumption «let it be said, that this was held in S. Felice in Piazza, as this Church is commonly known by everyone. This Feast of the Ascension, because of the other important feasts, which were discussed and will be discussed, was very beautiful, since Christ was lifted up from a mountain made of wood, by a cloud full of angels, and taken up to Heaven, leaving the Apostles on the mountain, so well done that it was a marvel, and especially since the said Heaven was somewhat larger than that of S. Felice in Piazza, but almost with the same devices. And because the said Church of the Carmine, where this representation was made, is much larger and higher than that of S. Felice; In addition to that part that received the Christ, there was another Heaven above the Main Tribune, in which some large wheels in the shape of arches moved from the center to the surface in a beautiful order of ten revolutions for the ten heavens, all filled with small lights representing the stars, arranged in copper lamps, with a leaded edge that remained in lead as the wheel turned, in the manner of some lanterns that are used today».
  4. Goro Dati, cit. In:
  5. Fanfani, cit.
  6. Ivi
  7. Ivi
  8. Ivi
  9. Ivi.
  10. Ivi.
  11. Ivi.
  12. Ammirato, cit.
  13. Villani, cit.
  14. Reg. 1326-1327 B. fol. 47 t. In: Minieri-Riccio, cit. For the solemn feast of San Giovanni, in 1473, Eleonora of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand I King of Naples, also came to Florence to marry Ercole I d'Este Duke of Ferrara. Thus the chronicler: - On the 22nd of June 1473, at about half past one o'clock, Madonna Elionora, daughter of King Fernando, King of Apulia, and wife of Lord Ercole, Duke of Modena and Ferrara, entered Florence; she came from Naples and was going to Ferrara to be married; she was lodged in San Casciano the evening before, and in the morning came to Florence.

She had in her company the duke and duchess of Andri, and duke and duchess of Malfi, and other lords; so that, between her company and that which came for her from Ferrara, it was estimated that she had about 1400 horses. She came through the gate at San Piero Gattolini and through the Porta Santa Maria; and she went by post to the railing of the Lordship, where the Lordship was with a great number of citizens: and there the said duchess approached on horseback to the railing near the lion, where the Lordship came, and there she spoke a few words, the Lordship being at the bank of the railing; and the Gonfalonier answered her briefly.

Then she went to the house of Lorenzo de' Medici, where the room was prepared for her. The expenditure was made for her and all her company throughout the Florentine territory; and then on the way she made her way from Marradi and Faenza. About 10,000 florins were spent on honoring her, which was bad expenditure and useless. From: Ricordi dei Rinuccini, Florence, 1840.

  1. V. atti. «In addition to Vasari the following words are described in volume 2 of the Catalogo manofcritto of the Biblioteca Turinese compiled by Giuseppe Pafini a 271. in the Codice 186. Containing Acta Concilii Florentini &c. a 309. pag. 2.; This description, translated from Greek into Tuscan by the most erudite Doctor Lami and recorded in his Novelle Letterarie num. 12. Of 1754, col. 177, I considered it well to refer to it in this way for the understanding of everyone».

Thus on pag.29. « It is unknown to me what the course of the processions was, which in ancient times were made on the Vigil of San Giovanni, because neither Dati, nor Monaldi, nor any other author I have read declares it, and only the Archbishop Tommafo Forti in his Foro Fiorentino manuscript in Cap.240, prescribed an order not only for the Frateríe, but also for the Compagnie di Firenze, and of the Contado as well, and he was such a friend and Protector of these good gatherings of Seculars, that many Compagnie boast of having their Capitoli signed in his own hand by that Holy Archbishop. Some, however, believe that it was from S.Maria del Fiore to S.Giovanni via de' Calzaiuoli Piazza de' Signori, from Gondi, from Badia, and from Opera, returning through S. Giovanni to S.Maria del Fiore, and that the course of these Processions changed when the Serenissimi Princes of the House of Medici, left the Palazzo di Piazza, and went to live in the Palazzo de' Pitti, this belief being founded on a book of memories by Gio. Batista Bertini from 1509 to 1530 existing in the Strozziana, marked Codice 955, n which there is mention of a procession held on June the 24th 1530, with the table of the Madonna dell'Impruneta; he Lordship of Florence was present, with all the Magistrates, as well as another procession held on July the 31st also in 1530 with the Venerabile, in which the same route as above was taken. With these two examples, I do not know how to follow this opinion, because from the Duomo to Piazza, and from Piazza to Duomo it seems to me a short space for such a large procession, like the one on the eve of San Giovanni's day, aimed not only at arousing devotion, but also at cheering up the people».

  1. Ivi.
  2. Goro Dati, da:
  3. Ammirato, Stor. Lib. I. a 64.
  4. Borghini, spogli. Therefore, note «the Borghini in the Cod. 44. cl. 25. a 219. that in 1369 it was ordered that those who were obliged to offer the Palio, or the flowered Candle on the day of San Giovanni should go to the Piazza, and make a public writing, and after them come the non-flowered candles, and note the distinction»: cfr. Ammirato, Lib XIII. a 668. «In the aforementioned Marucelliana, it is said that in 1336 the wax offered weighed 3657 pounds, with the Sanefi, the Students, and the Prisoners, who were freed on that morning, also offering Torchietti.
  5. Varchi, Storia, book 9. a 262. Says «that the Lands, which hold the Palio on the morning of S. Giovanni's day are about 130, and the Communities in lieu of the Palio offer a candle for each».
  6. «Vasari in the life of the aforementioned Cecca, assures us that the carts were made by Cecca between 1480 and 1499, since he was born in 1457 and died in 1499, as stated in his epitaph in S. Piero Scheraggio, which is as follows.

 

FABRORVM MAGISTER CICCA NATVS

OPPIDIS VEL OBSIDENDIS VEL

TVENDIS HIC LACET. VIX. AN. XLI.

  1. IV. D. XIV. OBIIT PRO PATRIA TELO ICTVS

PIAE SORORES MON. FECERVNT

MCCCCXCIX.

 

The aforesaid master Cecca had the name Francesco di Agnolo, and it can be read in the books of the Arte de' Mercatanti that Francesco d'Agnolo known as Cecca, having made the bridge in S. Giovanni to rearrange the mosaic of the Tribuna with beautiful order, and with much subtlety, without impeding the Church, was elected under 25 February 1482. as head master with certain gratuities &c».

  1. Codice n. 1396, Libreria Strozziana, on modo, e ordini da tenersi delle feste di S. Giovanni.
  2. Giovanni del Nero - Stefano Cambi, Priorista, e Cronache di Firenze manoscritte.
  3. Tilliot, Memorie per fervire all'Iftoria della Festa de Pazzi. Excerpt from the work in: Giornale di Firenze, a. 163, Tomo 2, par. 2.
  4. Raffael Borghini, Nel riposo, a 393. From: Gaetano Cambiagi, Memorie, cit.
  5. «The Masters of the Mint in the time of the Republic were two, one of whom passed for the Merchants' Guild, and the other for that of the Cambio; in the coins minted, in addition to the usual imprint, there was added in small print the arms of the same, that is, in the gold coins the arms of the one that passed for the Merchants' Guild, and in the silver coins the arms of the other that passed for the Arte del Cambio». « And moving on to speak of the other chariots; since we have discussed this one of the Mint sufficiently, they were not so beautiful and magnificent, but they were painted and adorned by the hands of excellent painters, as Vasari says in the life of Andrea del Sarto, in the following words. It was decided by the Merchants' Guild, that certain triumphs should be made of wood on carts according to the ancient custom, which were to be carried in procession on the morning of S. Gio Battista &c.; among these, Andrea painted many small scenes in chiaroscuro oil, which were much praised, and so it was decided to continue making some every year so that every city would have its own, which would have been a great pomp».

Another hundred years later, these wagons had the misfortune to find themselves all burnt by another fire.

Thus Bonazzini: - On the morning of June 16, 1662, when the woodman went to supper with the four carts that were usually used for the morning of San Giovanni's day in Piazza Gran-Duca, & having left a lighted candle on one of the four carts, which at that time were (as they still are) on the Prato, having consumed said candle, it set fire to one of them, & it set fire to all the others, two of which burnt to a crisp, & two were badly treated, which, once they were burnt, made their appearance.

«Of this fire of the Chariots, in the Magliabechiana cl. XXIX. Cod 52. there is a defence in favour of Maestro Pietro Farsetti, Cipriano Baldacci, and Bastjano Saffet Legnaieli prosecuted on this account by the Merchants' Guild».

  1. Goro Dati, cit. Cfr. Monfig. Borghini, Spogli manofcritti cl. XXV. Cod. 43. a 15. ter. In: Gaetano Cambiagi, Memorie, cit.
  2. Ivi.
  3. Gaetano Cambiagi, Memorie, cit. Diario manoscritto, Magliabechiana, Cl. 25. Cod. 17.
  4. Gaetano Cambiagi, Memorie, cit. Cfr. Spogli manoscritti fatti dal Senator Carlo Strozzi, Marucelliana, 1366.
  5. Gaetano Cambiagi, Memorie, cit. Cfr. Monaldi, Relazione di tali Feste.
  6. Gaetano Cambiagi, Memorie, cit. Cfr. Vasari e Ammirato.
  7. Ivi. Cfr. Forti, cit.
  8. Gaetano Cambiagi, Memorie, cit. Cfr. Corbinelli , tom. I., Istoria della Famiglia Gondi.
  9. Gaetano Cambiagi, Memorie, cit. Cfr. Codice TT. 1218 of the Libreria Strozziana, a.211, with Codice F. H. 1029.
  10. Gaetano Cambiagi, Memorie istoriche riguardanti le feste solite farsi in Firenze, Stamperia Granducale, Florence 1766, pag.52. Note on the First Chapter of the Foro Fiorentino, of Tommaso Forti.
  11. Giovanni Villani, Cronica², Lib. X, cap. 29; Stefani, Cronache, rubrica 432, claims that the fire was before dawn on July 25, and that the flames, which started from the Angelotti house, spread to five neighboring houses that burned together.
  12. Coppi, San Gimignano, p. 222-224; Pasqui, Arezzo, p. 606; Louis Green, Castruccio Castracani, p.212; Cronache senesi, p. 457. Ammirato, Istorie Fiorentine, lib. VII, year 1327, vol. 1°, p. 141-147,
  13. Ivi.
  14. Nancy Goldstone, Joanna. The Notorious Queen of Naples, Jerusalem and Sicily, Weidenfeld e Nicolson, London 2010, ISBN 9780297860860.
  15. Vinni Lucherin, Le tombe angioine nel presbiterio di Santa Chiara a Napoli e la politica funeraria di Roberto d’Angiò. In: Medioevo: i committenti. Proceedings of the international conference (Parma, 2010), Electa, Milan 2011, pp. 477-179. Sitography: Reti Medievali, www.retimedievali.it. From: https://123dok.org/document/ozl76xly-angioine-presbiterio-chiara-napoli-politica-funeraria-roberto-angi%C3%B2.html.
  16. Ivi.
  17. Ivi. «A second document, dated by Camillo Minieri Riccio at a time between September 10, 1332 and August 31, 1333, instead attests a payment to the master Tino da Siena, evidently Tino di Camaino, for Charles' new burial to be made in the church of Santa Chiara and also for a small sepulcher, already executed, in which the Duke was already resting at that time».

Carlo  de  Lellis  found the document in the Reg. Ang. 1335-1336 C, f. 31 t.:

— Magistro Thino de Senis, pro construenda  et  facienda  quadam  sepultura  provisa  de  novo  fieri  demandato nostro in ecclesia Sancti Corporis Christi pro sepeliendocorpore  ducis  Calabrie,  necnon  pro  quodam  alio  sepolcro  parvoubi  nunc  quiescit  corpus  prefati  ducis,  de  unc.  53  et  tar.  3  iussissolvi fuerunt solute 27 et tt. 3.

Camillo Minieri  Riccio then drew the news from another Angevin register, as in Reg. 1335 B. f. 197:

— Magistro  Tino  de  Senis,  pro  construenda quadam sepultura in ecclesia Sancti Corporis Christi prosepeliendo  corpore  ducis  Calabrie  et  pro  quodam  alio  sepulcroparvo  ubi  nunc  quiescit  corpus  dicti  ducis,  unc.  53,  tar.  3,  concordatis.

  1. Matteo Camera, Annali Delle Due Sicilie Dall'Origine E Fondazione Della Monarchia, Firreno, vol.II, Naples 1860; Ex Regest. An.1550, lit. B. fol. 84.
  2. Vinni Lucherin, Le tombe angioine nel presbiterio di Santa Chiara a Napoli e la politica funeraria di Roberto d’Angiò. In: Medioevo: i committenti. Proceedings of the international conference (Parma, 2010), Electa, Milan 2011, pp. 477-179. Sitography: Reti Medievali, www.retimedievali.it. From: https://123dok.org/document/ozl76xly-angioine-presbiterio-chiara-napoli-politica-funeraria-roberto-angi%C3%B2.html
  3. Ivi, ex Regest. An. 1332–1355 Indict. 1.a fol. 110 v.o.
  4. Matteo Camera, Annali Delle Due Sicilie Dall'Origine E Fondazione Della Monarchia, Firreno, vol.II, Naples 1860. Ex regest. an. 1350 lit. B. fol. 79; et an. 1355 lit. C. fol. 301,6.
  5. Ivi, ex regest. an. 1338-1339 Ratio Thesauri lit. D. fol.170-Sub datum Neapoli die 7 Junii VII Indict.
  6. Ivi, ex regest.reg. Roberti 1337 lit. A. fol. 87.
  7. Reg. 1338.1339 D., n. 318 fol. 170-172 t.
  8. Ivi.
  9. Carlo Celano, Notizie del bello dell'antico e del curioso della città di Napoli, Volume 3, Part 2, Stamperia di Agostino de Pascale, Naples 1858.
  10. Pompeo Sarnelli, Guide for curious foreigners to see and understand the most noteworthy things of the royal city of Naples and its most pleasant district, found through the reading of good writers, and through his own diligence, by Abbot Pompeo Sarnelli, Naples 1688. In: Fondazione Memofonte, Studio per l’Elaborazione Informatica delle Fonti Storico-Artistiche, edited by Federica De Rosa, Alessandra Rullo e Simona Starita (from the exemplars of the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz, N 5997 cm e della Bibliothèque Municipale de Lyon, SJ G 360/4), University of Naples Federico II, Department of Humanities, Naples 2014. Cfr. http://www.memofonte.it/home/files/pdf/SARNELLI_1688.pdf
  11. Ivi, pagg.479-482.
  12. Nancy Goldstone, The Lady Queen: The Notorious Reign of Joanna I, Queen of Naples, Jerusalem, and Sicily, Walker&Company, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8027-7770-6. Cfr. Rosa Smurra, Una storia di 'integrazione' nella Napoli angioina, in: Ricerche di Pedagogia e Didattica, vol. 6, n. 1, 2011, pp. 1–36.

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