L’interregno ducale: Ariano e Apice provincia del papa, Montefusco del Regno
I parenti degli Sforza, nel passaggio col Papa, si ritrovarono così già insediati militarmente a contestabuli militari in Montefusco ed Ariano, capoluoghi delle rispettive baronie, lì dove pare preesistessero i due tribunali carcerari, vicarie provinciali della Regina, almeno così appare nel 1430, che, dal 1433, si ritrovarono a passare dal Regno al Ducato papalino quando Francesco fu fatto titolare della Marca di Fermo.
Avere due baronie significava possedere due distretti provinciali, già asserviti dall’apparato militare giudiziario, sebbene circoscritti alla Contestabulia di Montefusco, cioè della Montagna da Dentecane a San Giorgio, e alla Contestabulia di Ariano, di cui fece sicuramente parte il vasto territorio da Apice a San Sossio Baronia.
Ad Ariano comandava il vescovo. Angelo de Raimo, padre osb, cioè dell’Ordine di San Benedetto (28 luglio 1406 – 1432), fu titolare di quella cattedra fino alla morte, che lo colse nel 1432, quando gli successe Angelo Grassi per 17 anni, fino al 1449, quando venne nominato arcivescovo di Reggio Calabria.
Il vescovo Grassi assistette allo stanziamento in Ariano del Comitato militare posto in essere dal Conte Sforza in nome della Chiesa.
Le baronie sforzesche di Ariano e Montefusco appaiono già nate sotto Giovanna II perché dovevano essere le sedi giudiziarie delle due province di Principato Ultra e Citra Benevento e che divennero sedi militari durante l’interregno che stava per portare la guerra fra Angioini e Aragonesi.
Negli anni successivi, nel bailamme del passaggio dei baroni col partito aragonese, gli Sforza seguiranno sempre le indicazioni del Papa, anche quando, persa Montefusco, ritornata in Regno, solo Ariano restò papalina e divenne sede del Comitato militare di tutti i loro feudi, cioè Contestabulia militare per la ricostituzione del Ducato di Benevento della Chiesa con la sua provincia, di cui fece sicuramente parte Apice.
Il Comitato dei baroni guidati da Sforza resse quindi Ariano e la sua provincia baronale in nome del Papa per diversi anni, ma presto si sarebbe scesi a patti col Re. Anche Ariano e Benevento, infatti, sarebbero andati agli Aragonesi e a danno di Re Renato d’Angiò, sebbene questi fu lasciato passare durante la fuga da Napoli all’Aquila, quando scelse di percorrre la via di Lucera.
Ma facciamo un passo indietro, almeno a quando, ancora vivente la Regina Giovanna II, ad Ariano c’era ancora il vescovo De Raimo. Negli atti notarili arianesi dell’epoca si legge che Padre Don Angelo dell’Ordine di S.Benedetto diede il permesso a Don Michele Ippolito, Rettore e cappellano della chiesa arianese di s.Stefano, di accogliere le ultime volontà del Magistro Angelo Fuschi di far costruire al suo interno un altare privato, cioè la cappella di s.Maria de Nive, per la salvezza della sua anima.
Il documento riveste una notevole importanza ai fini della ricostruzione dei confini regionali delle province riunite di Principatus Ultra, Citraque Serras Montorii et Capitanata. L’atto inedito arianese del 1430 precisa infatti l’esistenza di un regio giudice annuale ma soprattutto attesta la figura del notaio, quale publicus per Provincias Principatus Ultra, Citraque Serras Montorii et Capitanata reginali autoritate notarium, attestando un solo notaio regio per le Terre che vanno dal Beneventano a Foggia; compreso il territorio sotto le Serre del Montorio (di San Bartolomeo in Galdo).
Nella sostanza andava ridisegnandosi il nuovo Ducato bneventano racchiuso, fra una parte sopra le serre (ultra) e una di sotto le serre (citra), ma dentro, sopra e sotto le Serre c’era il Montorio. Al di sotto delle Serre aveva inizio la provincia di Principato Ultra, e sopra le Serre del Montorio, la Capitanata.
Il documento cartaceo del 14 settembre 1430 è tuttora il più antico atto presente in originale presso l’Archivio di stato di Avellino in quanto di precedente c’è solo qualche pergamena in cartapecora riciclata, riutilizzata a mo’ di copertina per i brogliacci notarili.
L’atto del 1430 è giunto fino a noi, forse senza mai essere pubblicato, perché è un allegato poco visibile inserito in un rogito del notaio Scipione Agostini.1
La capitale regionale delle province riunite del Principato-Capitanata, sopra e sotto le Serre del 1430, non sarebbe stata affatto Montefusco, ma neppure Benevento, anche perchè è la regione di un solo Principato, diviso fra Ultra, Citra e Capitanata, perché comprende tutte le Terre sopra e sotto le Serre, lontanissimo da Salerno.
Anzi, subito dopo la morte della Regina Giovanna II, nel 1435, quando i paesi furono in regime militare, durante la guerriglia fra Angioini e Aragonesi, Ariano restò papalina e tutta a regione le tre province riunite furono sotto il controllo guidato dagli Sforza che si impossessano della città, ne fanno il quartier generale e da lì ripartono per annettere territori momentanei al Ducato di Benevento.
Già della baronia militare di Ariano facevano parte sicuramente paesi intermedi come Montecalvo e Apice, la cui giurisdizione comprendeva terre fino a Paduli, quindi a completa guardia del tratto della via Appia Traianea che da Benevento conduce a Lucera.
Tornando all’atto notarile, da dopo la morte della Regina Giovanna II, c’è da dire che Ariano appare come la città vescovile dove si sono riuniti tutti i nobili della baronia, i sir, i viri, e dove si è spostato il medesimo notaio ufficiale della regione, lo stesso che redige l’atto, perchè, nel mentre, Montefusco è diventata sede della Vicaria per l’amministrazione della giustizia nelle Terre annesse al Regno degli Aragonesi.
Infatti, sebbene manchino svariati anni all’assoggettamento di tutto il Regno agli Aragonesi di Re Alfonso, nel 1440, Montefusco funge da Vicaria dell’antiregno che si oppone all’insediamento stabile di Re Renato d’Angiò. Ovviamente le vecchie province sono abolite in quanto, dall’una o dall’altra parte, hanno lasciato il posto ai comitati militari (c’è la guerra contro l’invasore aragonese), come ai vecchi tempi, alla stregua delle antiche contee, ognuna delle quali possedeva una propria baronia e tutte si rifacevano alla nuova città metropolitana più vicina (sede di Principato), Beneventana, in tandem con l’antica città diaconale (sede del Ducato), Beneventum.
Le scaramucce fra Chiesa, Aragonesi e Angioini continuarono per 7 anni, spostandosi continuamente i confini di province stabili del regno, giustizierati dell’antiregno e contestabulie della Chiesa.
Inoltre, con diploma del 10 giugno 1433, la Regina Giovanna II, due anni prima che morisse, aveva già approvato una nuova ripartizione territoriale che provocò altri distacchi, specie sui confini, di Casali di famiglie passate da una baronia all’altra al seguito della migrazione dei propri baroni. Anche la Montagna di Montefusco ne subì le conseguenze, da qui la frammentazione dei feudi, specie quelli sofiani di Corsano, Marcopio e Lapisio: due Monterone, due Venticano, due Terranova, due Sellitti, tre Torrioni, etc.
Per questo motivo, con la nuova ripartizione, quegli stessi Casali non appaiono appartenere affatto ad un perimetro che fa riferimento al distretto di Montefusco, sebbene la vicinanza, quanto al feudo della Montagna, cioè alla sua baronia, che sembra essere passata in toto nella contestabulia arianese che la ricondusse nel Ducato beneventano. Alcuni paesi della Montagna, infatti, sono poco alla volta inglobati nel territorio ducale dell’arcivescovo di Benevento, giunto a comprendere sia il paese originario che il suo stesso oppido nato dopo la fuga e frutto di uno sdoppiamento strategico, ma le divisioni continuarono a creare sovrapposizioni che ancora oggi non sono chiare a nessuno. Torrioni, il paese più in alto della Montagna di Montefusco, per esempio, si ritrovò diviso in tre parti: una porzione con Benevento città, una porzione con la baronia di Montefusco ed una porzione con Tufo nella baronia di Serra.
Questa frammentazione è dovuta in parte alla suddivisione dei feudi già in atto fra parenti e amici, anche solo per non pagare la tassa di successione. A dire del Ricca, Maurizia o Mauruccia, morto il fratello Angelillo, fu viro nobile Guarino del Turco milite di Montefusco, come da atto di Raynaldo Vassallo di Napoli, ereditò il servizio feudale dato in origine al nonno. Da qui la decisione, già sotto la Regina Giovanna II, di dividere in più parti il feudo, d’accordo il viro magnifico Pippo Caracciolo di Napoli, milite regni nostri sicilia Marescallo consiliario, in nome della quale investì i nipoti di Angelillo, cioè i figli di Maurizia, il viro Guarisio detto Guarino Mazzei e il domino Nicola de Montefuscolo che non avevano il cognome Del Turco.
L’atto fu suggellato col sigillo dell’anello regio in possesso di Angelo Siripando di Neapoli, capitano della Terra di Montefuscoli de provincia principatus ultras serras montorii, che concesse l’ufficialità alla divisione del feudo da assegnare per una parte a persone fedeli a Pippo Caracciolo, e per l’altra parte ai figli di Maruccia, come accadde per Casale Toccanisi e Casale S.Angelo a Torrioni e tanti altri.
Così il documento: – Casalia Tocchanisii et Sancti Angeli ad Turrayonum, et certam partem dicti Casalis Turrayoni sita et sitam in Montanea dicte Terre Montisfusculis juxta territorium Casalis Mutii, juxta territorium Castri Tufi, juxta territorium Casalis Preturii et alios confines… Casale Castri Muczj situm in dicta Montanea dicte Terre Montis Fusculi juxta territorium Casalis Sancte Pauline justa territorium Castri Montis Aperti juxta flumen Sabati et alios confines nec non et Casale Sancte Marie ad Vitam seu Genestre situm similiter et positam in Montanea Terre predicte juxta territorium Sancte Marie Inglisono juxta territoium Casalis Sancti Georgii juxta pheudum monasterii Montisvirginis et alios confinese…
In questo particolare caso nascevano tre Torrioni. Il Casale del Torrione della Montagna in apparenza non ha alcun riferimento con gli altri due, che sono vicinissimi e contigui, riconosciuti erroneamente come suffeudi di S.Angelo e Tufo.2
Alla redazione dell’atto erano presenti Pippo Caracciolo e Guarino, erede dei del Turco, unitamente al viro magnifico Cristofaro Gaetano conte di Fondi, logoteta e protonotario del regno, che ufficializzò l’atto. Non è stato possibile rinvenire ulteriori documenti su S.Angelo à Torrioni.
E’ comunque questa la Montagna di cui fecero parte i Casali di San Giorgio la Montagna (oggi San Giorgio del Sannio), Castelmozzo (scomparso fra S.Paolina e Montemiletto), S.Paolina (oggi comune), Montaperto (ora frazione di Montemiletto) distaccato da S.Maria in Grisone e S.Maria a Vita in Ginestra, e finiti ora con S.Nicola Manfredi, ora con Calvi-S.Agnese (San Giorgio del Sannio).
Il Principe di Taranto, principale signore del Regno, si era ribellato agli Angioini in favore degli Aragonesi già da alcuni anni. Dal 1434, infatti, Re Luigi d’Angiò, nominato erede adottivo da Giovanna II, prese “per moglie Margarita figliuola del Duca di Savoia, la qual da Nizza venne per mare a Sorrento, e la Regina pensò farla venire in Napoli, e fare una bella festa, ma la Duchessa di Sessa, e gli altri del Consiglio, temendo di non perder la loro autorità, la divertiro da quel pensiero, dicendo, che si farebbe venire una nemica in casa, la quale ò haria procurato la sua morte per rimaner ella Regina, ò sarebbe per intorbidar il suo stato, il qual era quieto e tranquillo”.
La Regina Giovanna evitò di far celebrare il loro matrimonio in Napoli e Luigi trascinò la sposa in Calabria, fra i feudi propri, per celebrare le nozze a Cosenza, nelle cui vicinanze aveva termine il confine dello stato del Principe di Taranto, il quale teneva a sè ben stretti 150 feudi, fra Terre e castelli, non restituiti ai Sanseverino sebbene fosse stato più volte citato a corte senza mai comparire.
Il Principe di Taranto fu perciò dichiarato ribelle e contro di lui si scagliò Giacomo Caldora con l’esercito regio. La Regina scrisse anche a Luigi d’Angiò di apprestarsi ad assaltarlo direttamente dalla Calabria. L’erede angioino sapeva di mettersi contro un Principe potentissimo ma, controvoglia e a malincuore, tornò a muovere guerra nel Regno, finanche con l’appoggio del Re d’Aragona.
Quando il Principe di Taranto si vide assaltare su due bande, subito mandò il fratello Gabriele Orsino e Ruffino ad Ascoli, città pugliese che fungeva da baluardo, all’incontro di Caldora. Qui si stanziarono i due con 1000 cavalleggeri e 1000 fanti col compito di trattenere il nemico per evitare che entrasse in Terra di Bari e Otranto. I tarantini si chiusero in difesa perché sapevano di non poter difendere in alcun modo le proprie Terre e i Castelli lontani di Terra di Lavoro, Val Beneventana e Principato Ultra. Anche il Principe di Taranto scese in campo col resto delle guardie, attendendo allo scontro Luigi d’Angiò, in quel di Altamura.
Caldora, nel mentre, tolse ai tarantini Acerra e la Baronia di Flumari, e di Vico, in cui ricadevano un gran numero di Terre, poi la Cedogna, Bisaccia ed altre vicine, però “come fu sotto Ascoli stette molti giorni impedito” per la minaccia dei due comandanti Tarantini. Ma, essendosene allontanato uno, Gabriele si spinse fino a Minervino, così Caldora ebbe modo di persuadere Ruffino a passare dalla parte della Regina. La sua condizione di povero suddito, sebbene fosse il primo cortigiano di un Principe, lo convinse ad annettere alle truppe regie i 5000 cavalleggeri piu i fanti appartenuti allo schieramento del Principe di Taranto, che andarono ad ingrossare le fila dei rinforzi giunti da Napoli, a cui già si erano uniti anche francesi e calabresi di Luigi d’Angiò.
Registrato il tradimento, e nell’impossibilità di fronteggiare gli uomini della Regina, il Principe Orsini si ritirò riconsegnando la Basilicata ai Sanseverino. Fu poi raggiunto dalle truppe fedeli per liberare dall’assedio la sua stessa Taranto, che riebbe a patto di accontentarsi di quella insieme a Leccie, Rocca, Gallipoli, Ugento e Altamura, e dei castelli di Brindisi, Oria, Minervino, Gravina, Canosa e del Gariglione.
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Scientists have found a new method of fighting antibiotic-resistant bacteria
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Stress often causes bacteria to form biofilms. Stress can manifest as a physical barrier, ultraviolet light, or a toxic substance such as antibiotics. The formation of these biofilms takes from several hours to days, and they can be of different shapes, sizes, colors, and textures depending on the type of bacteria. Being in a biofilm state protects them from harmful substances in the environment – biofilms have a unique outer wall with different physical and chemical properties than their individual cells. They can coordinate metabolism, slow down their growth, and even form an impenetrable barrier of wrinkles and creases. This is one of the ways they achieve high antibiotic resistance. Researchers from the United Kingdom recently studied the transition of the Hay Bacillus bacterium from a free-moving swarm to a biofilm as a defense mechanism and published what they did to combat its antibiotic-resistant properties in eLife.
To determine if their test strain was behaving like the others, they first ran stress tests on them. They tested the bacteria’s response to the physical barrier, ultraviolet light, and antibiotics. The addition of a physical barrier led to the transition of bacteria from one layer to a multilayer layer, followed by an increase in cell density and the formation of multilayer islands near the barrier. Later, wrinkles formed on the islands near the barrier in the place where they began to appear initially.
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When they applied ultraviolet light to the swarm, they again observed a drop in cell speed and an increase in density. And after the scientists added a large dose of the antibiotic kanamycin, the bacterial cells formed a biofilm. The researchers then developed a strategy to combat this bacterial biofilm. They added kanamycin to the environment of a new batch of swarming bacterial cells and watched as the biofilm began to form. They then re-injected the antibiotic at a much higher dose than the first, just before the biofilm formation was complete. As a result, the partially formed biofilm was destroyed and bacterial cells died. This shows that antibiotic-resistant bacteria lose their resistance to antibiotics when they undergo a phase transition, right before going into the biofilm, where they will become much more resistant. Thus, with the correct administration of antibiotics, the bacteria can be attacked in their most vulnerable state and destroyed. The researchers believe that similar transitions from swarm to biofilm occur in other bacterial species. Their research may pave the way for finding more effective ways to control clinically relevant bacteria. For example, Salmonella enterica, which spreads into the bloodstream and is transmitted through contaminated food. Or Pseudomonas aeruginosa with multiple drug resistance, which after surgery causes infections in the blood, lungs (pneumonia) and other parts of the body and spreads in hospitals.
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Sedentary lifestyle claims more than 4 million direct victims each year
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According to a recent study, lack of physical activity is the main risk factor for premature mortality for the entire world population.
This paper highlights the percentage of deaths that can be attributed to sedentary lifestyles worldwide. An alarming conclusion is that a sedentary lifestyle is the main risk factor for many non-communicable diseases. These include cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. There are also cancers (bladder, stomach, kidney, breast, colon, and esophagus), depression, and dementia.
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A study published in the British Medical Journal of Sports Medicine on March 29, 2021, estimates that physical inactivity is responsible for 7.2% of all-cause deaths each year. This represents about 4 million deaths out of an average of 56.9 million per year. The American and Canadian researchers behind this work obtained information from several databases in different states. In addition, they tried to get the results closest to reality by considering pathologies whose causal relationship with a sedentary lifestyle is well known. In other words, we are talking about a serious level of evidence. According to the results, in developing countries, most deaths (in absolute numbers) occur due to the lack of physical activity of a part of their population. On the other hand, developed countries are more likely to suffer from the effects of a sedentary lifestyle, as they are subject to a much higher percentage of deaths. The study’s authors strongly believe that ” the public health burden associated with physical inactivity is a global problem that will require international cooperation to mobilize change and achieve these public health goals.” For researchers, change should be focused on achieving public health goals. This means increased investment in the re-opening of sports facilities during the pandemic. It also means making them available to as many people as possible in the long run.
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To write a diploma easier, you need to find a middle ground: the topic should not be “hackneyed” or too rare.
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Otherwise, it will be difficult to find aspects that are not covered by anyone and, on the contrary, to select materials for development, analysis, argumentation, comparison.
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The next stage is complex and consists in defining goals, objectives, research methods, selection and systematization of relevant literature and parallel drawing up of a thesis plan, which is a preliminary outline of the structure and content of future student scientific work. When familiarizing with the sources of information, one should take into account their novelty. The periods of obsolescence of educational literature are established by order of the Ministry of Education and Science No. 1623 of April 11, 2001: for a general humanitarian, socio-economic profile and special disciplines – five years; for general professional, natural science, mathematical subjects – ten years. The measures of relevance do not relate to sources of in-depth fundamental study of the issue. It does not stipulate the order and terms after which research publications: articles, dissertations, reports, etc., are considered outdated, but university regulatory controllers, when checking their thesis for compliance with standards, are almost always guided by the requirements set for textbooks. For informational purposes, no one forbids using them, but in order to avoid sending the finished diploma for revision, it is better to include only works no older than five years in the list of used literature. In January 2017, the order of the Ministry of Education and Science entered into force No. 1651, canceling the effect of orders No. 1623 and No. 133, which regulated the provision of university libraries with scientific and educational literature (it was in them that the terms of its obsolescence were prescribed). The new document aroused a lot of questions from the experts of the academic community, and the official answers of the department to them did not clarify the situation, so teachers still prefer to adhere to the old standards, determining the “expiration date” of the sources used to write the thesis. Algorithm of writing The scheme of work on a diploma is standard for all students – according to a single algorithm, graduates who write both project and research FQPs go to future defense. First of all, you need to decide on a supervisor, then choose a topic. It is approved before the start of the pre-diploma practice, to which the student is sent with the assignment for the FQP signed by the head of the department.
The structure of the thesis According to the generally accepted rules for writing a diploma, its main part should consist of three chapters: First (at least three paragraphs). Written on the basis of a synthesis and analysis of theoretical information gleaned from selected sources; reveals the central concepts, the essence of a phenomenon or process, different points of view on the object and subject of research. Second (at least three subsections). Assigned to factual material and analysis of the problem; contains statistical information with quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the phenomenon under consideration, a statement of the identified trends and shortcomings in its state and development. Third (the minimum number of paragraphs is three). Dedicated to developing a solution to a problem. His diploma student proposes on the basis of the second chapter with scientific justification, for which the theoretical provisions of the first are involved. The chapters should be approximately equal in length. At the final stage, a conclusion, an introduction, a final list of used literature are drawn up and a block with annexes is completed. How to properly draw up a thesis In student memos and on their official websites, all universities must post detailed methodological recommendations containing requirements for a diploma. They indicate: volume – how many pages in the diploma should be; structure – how many chapters to divide the study, what to write in the introduction and conclusion; what materials should be included in the attachments and how to number them; technical regulations – where to put down, from which sheet to start pagination, what font to use for text and headings, how to indent the paragraph and margins, line spacing; the number of sources in the bibliographic list; permissible percentage of uniqueness when checking for plagiarism. Most universities and institutes include in methodological collections: a template for the title page; forms of reviews, annotations, reviews; sample bibliography; examples of the design of references, footnotes, formulas, tables, figures, diagrams, photos. It remains only to carefully check with the university standard and follow the recommendations, since the normative control will be meticulously carried out precisely according to the points of the manual, and only then relying on GOSTs. Average requirements for a thesis: Volume – 50-70 pages, excluding attachments and, as a rule, bibliography. The number of sources is at least 40, and 70% are publications not older than five years. The bibliographic list is drawn up in accordance with GOST 7.80-2000, 7.1-2003, 7.0.5-2008, 7.0.1-2011. Times New Roman in black, 14th for text, 15th for subheadings, 16th for headings. The interval is 1.5. Margins – at least 2 cm to the left, bottom and top; 1.5 cm – on the right. Printing is only one-sided. The standard of uniqueness of the diploma: humanities – 80%, exact – 75%.
How to choose a company for writing a diploma Checklist: A solid site – it should be a kind of Internet branch of an officially registered company with at least one offline office; that is, the site must be a full-fledged working tool, and not a one-page business card on free hosting. The age of the company is at least 5 years. Only those who really know how to work can become a “veteran” of the market. Conclusion of an agreement – the lists of customers of the company for writing student papers are not transferred to the dean’s offices, do not worry. You need a confirmation of the deal – to ensure that the work is done.
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8 effective ways to boost memory
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Like any other ability, memory can be trained and developed. The main thing is to choose the right exercise program.
Remembering the name of an actor or finding the keys left in the evening can sometimes be difficult. It takes a lot of effort to recover the information you need. Forgetting is a natural process that is designed to unload the nervous system from unclaimed information, to protect it from overstrain. But increased forgetfulness can significantly complicate life. It can be caused by lack of sleep, stress, addictions, or information overload.
If this problem is not related to injury or illness, it is realistic to solve it on your own. Memory can be developed and improved like any other ability. To activate its potential, regular exercise is necessary, as in sports or music. And vice versa – in their absence, the ability of the brain to memorize will decrease. Let’s talk about the most effective ways to help strengthen memory and improve brain function.
1. Create associations and visualizations
It will be easier to remember new things if you connect the unknown with the already existing knowledge. The essence of the method of associations is to combine the known and the unknown into a single history, to mark new information with familiar markers. So the information received can be easily remembered and quickly reproduced at the right time. With the help of associative parallels, it is easy to learn road signs, passwords and dates, phone numbers and credit cards.
In 1980, the Olympic Games opened in Moscow, and 600 years before that, the Battle of Kulikovo took place. The number 5813 can be represented as a numerical expression 5 + 8 = 13. In this case, images are remembered even more efficiently. Better if they are unusual and even absurd. For example, the figure eight resembles a woman with large hips and voluminous breasts, and the figure five is a circus unicycle. In your mind, draw a fat lady who buys such a bike and rides it around the city.
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Such illustrations should be large, three-dimensional, color and as detailed as possible. The skill of coding into visual images is trained and quickly automated. In the future, it will not be difficult to restore in memory both these images, and the meaning that is embedded in them. Once again putting the keys in this or that place, imagine a flower blooming here. In the morning you will definitely not forget where exactly the flower grew in your house, and you will quickly find the right thing.
2. Learn poetry and read aloud
The time-tested method is memorizing poems. This is not about mindless cramming, but about understanding the meaning, its conscious perception. Make it a rule to teach one little piece every week. Gradually increase the volume of the material. It will be easier to remember if you break it down into several parts in advance and teach it in quatrains. You can do this anywhere: at lunch, while walking or in transport. Don’t be afraid of a lot of repetitions. Over time, you will notice that it takes less and less time to memorize.
The effect will be even better if you take the works of those authors whose collections do not interest you. It will take more energy to learn such verses. Try to delve deeply into their content and reflect on the artistic techniques that the author used. Poetry can be recited in front of a mirror or recorded from memory. Reading aloud is equally useful. It helps to improve diction, intonation and develops auditory memory. If you don’t like poetry, learn the lyrics.
3. Try to remember forgotten
It is not necessary to take the shopping list prepared before going to the store. On the one hand, such a list will help not to miss anything and at the same time not to buy too much. On the other hand, its absence will have a positive effect on the state of memory. Do not buy something this time – by the next trip you will have an incentive to better memorize items from the list and keep them in mind. Forgot someone’s name, phone number, password or recipe ingredients? Try to remember. Take the time and take a few minutes to do this instead of looking for an answer in your smartphone or notebook. This is great for strengthening memory.
4. Master foreign languages
You can learn poems and songs not only in your native language. Don’t know a foreign language – start mastering it. It is one of the best ways to activate brain cells and enhance memory capacity. If you memorize a few words every day, then after a couple of months you can feel a noticeable result. Learning a new language develops the ability to structure, analyze and memorize information. In addition, it is a good prevention of age-related diseases. For example, Alzheimer’s disease. The most popular way to memorize foreign vocabulary is cards with words and expressions. This technique is based precisely on visual associations.
5. Remember the events of the day
Another way to activate memory is to plunge into the past day and remember all its events. Before going to bed, try to reconstruct snippets of dialogue, images of people, their facial expressions and gestures, every phone call and meals that made up your diet. Try to recreate the sequence of all actions from the moment of awakening. Provide these pictures in as much detail as possible. At the same time, it is important to connect imagination, visual, auditory and olfactory memory.
If it’s boring to remember the day in the form of imaginary illustrations, keep a diary and regularly write events on paper. It is recommended to repeat the same with the films watched. After the next movie show, scroll through the plot in your head again. Remember not only the main moments, but also the dialogues of the characters, the details of their clothes, the interiors of the shooting locations. It is even more useful to retell the content of films, plays, read articles and books to your friends. This not only trains memory well, but also develops speech, enriches vocabulary.
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